Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence: Sibel Akın, MD. Depression in frail older adults: Associations and gender difference. North Clin Istanb ;9 2 — Depression is Old Mature Escort Netherland prevalent in frail older adults and both clinical situations share similar clinical and prognostic factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between frailty and depression by considering each component of frailty, in both genders. Six hundred and forty-one patients aged 60 years and older, admitted to a Geriatrics outpatient clinic in a tertiary hospital, were included in this cross-sectional study. FRIED criteria were used for defining frailty. Depression was assessed by the Geriatric depression scale GDS. Prevalence of frailty and depression was Co-occurrence of frailty and depression was observed as Both in men OR: 3. Two FRIED criteria regarding physical activity and strength measures were not related to depressive symptoms in men. Depression may play a key role in the development of frailty in both genders. Albeit, depressed men seem to be at a higher risk than women for development of frailty are, physical activity and strength measures in the FRIED criteria had a high impact in women for depressive symptoms. Patients with co-occurring frailty and depression are more prone to develop geriatric syndrome related disabilities. B oth depression and frailty are geriatric syndromes that are highly prevalent in old age but are not expected results of aging [ 1 ]. Frailty is the state of vulnerability to stressors due to the reduction of existing biological reserves and is described by many scales, with both phenotype and cumulative deficit models [ 23 ]. Furthermore, frailty could explain the great discrepancy, between biological age and chronological age, among the older population [ 4 ]. Unintentional weight loss, low physical activity, slowness, decreased muscle strength, and exhaustion, which are the components of the most Old Mature Escort Netherland used tool, the Fried scale, are also frequently encountered clinical conditions in depressed individuals, and exhaustion is an especially common diagnostic criterion for both Old Mature Escort Netherland [ 1 ]. Depression and frailty share similar clinical and prognostic factors [ Old Mature Escort Netherland ]. Both are closely related to undesirable consequences such as decreased quality of life, falls, disability, hospitalization, and mortality [ 7 — 9 ]. The studies have shown that there is a bidirectional relationship between frailty and depression [ 6 ]. In other words, the incidence of frailty is high in depressed individuals and the incidence of depression is high in frail individuals [ 6 ]. In fact, the two syndromes act as both the cause and the result of each other [ 10 ]. Moreover, frailty is usually defined with physical phenotypes, and unfortunately social, cognitive, and psychological components of frailty are often overlooked [ 11 ]. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between frailty and depression by considering the effects of other confounding factors regarding frailty. We also examined the clinical implications in the state of co-occurrence of frailty and depression. In addition, we investigated whether the relationship between frailty subcomponents and depressive symptoms differs between the genders. Demographic characteristics of the patients, number of drugs in chronic use, and comorbid diseases were recorded. Patients with ongoing antidepressant therapy were not excluded from the study. Patients, were able to follow instructions and completed the geriatric assessment tests, were included in the study. Depression was evaluated with the Geriatric depression scale GDSwhich has a total of 30 points, with higher scores indicative of more depressive symptoms and a score of 14 and above defined as depression [ 12 ]. Depression was a significant risk factor for being frailty in both genders. Although depressed men seem to be at a higher risk than depressed women for developing frailty, two of the frailty components, physical activity and strength measure, have high impact in women. Combination of depression and frailty is associated with worse results in terms of functionality, nutritional status, and cognitive functions, than either condition alone. Frailty was assessed according to the FRIED criteria, including unintentional weight loss, low physical activity, slowness, reduced muscular strength, and exhaustion [ 2 ]. Slowness was defined by 4 m gait speed GS at a normal pace. Muscular strength was measured by a jamar hand held dynamometer. Exhaustion was described as a negative response to the 21 st question Do you feel full of energy? Patients meeting at least three criteria were considered to be frail, 1—2 points as pre-frail, and 0 as robust. To be able to perform further analysis, we dichotomized the study population as frail and non-frail included both pre-frail and robust.
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